12 posts tagged with "security"

Hey folks, we are excited to start a series of tutorials on how to get started with all things MACI, this guide focuses on installing MACI and how to deploy the contracts to a testnet.

Understanding Roles​

MACI protocol has two main roles, User (Voter) and Coordinator. A simplified version would be to say that the coordinator is in charge of deploying the MACI smart contracts, inititalting the polls, allying the final results of a vote, and finalizing polls by publishing the final results on-chain. Usually the contract deployer is the coordinator, but this can be a separate role.

Requirements​

Let's install the requirements first, you are going to need:

• Node.js: use a JS toolchain manager like nvm or volta to install Node.js. We recommend using Node 20 or above.
• pnpm: Fast, disk space efficient package manager.

Installation​

Now you can run the following commands to install MACI locally:

git clone https://github.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/maci.git && \
cd maci && \
git checkout v2.5.0 && \
pnpm i && \
pnpm run build

Download the .zkey files​

MACI has two main zk-SNARK circuits. Each circuit is parameterised. There should be one .zkey file for each circuit and set of parameters.

Unless you wish to generate a fresh set of .zkey files, you should obtain them from someone who has performed a multi-party trusted setup for said circuits. For more details on which artifacts have undergone a trusted setup, please refer to the Trusted Setup page.

Download test artifacts​

For quickly testing MACI or trying it on a testnet we suggest using the test artifacts, using the latest dev updates you can do it by running:

pnpm download-zkeys:test

Download ceremony artifacts​

For production you need to use the ceremony artifacts which have undergone a trusted setup, you can download it with the command:

pnpm download-zkeys:ceremony

Deploy Contracts​

Before deploying the contracts we need to do some final configurations to our repository.

Set the environment variables​

Head to the packages/contracts folder and copy the .env.example file.

cd packages/contracts && \
cp .env.example .env

Make sure to include a mnemonic and RPC url (make sure to replace NETWORK with the network you want to use).

MNEMONIC = "your ethereum secret key";
NETWORK_RPC_URL = "the eth provider url";
NETWORK_ETHERSCAN_API_KEY = "etherscan api key";

Generate Coordinator Keys​

In order to encrypt and decrypt the messages, we need to generate MACI key pair, treat it just as your ethereum private keys, store it on a safe place as you won't be able to finish a round if you lose access, or a bad actor could decrypt the results and publish them online.

Before deploying a Poll, make sure you have set the coordinator public MACI key to which you own the private key. You can generate a new key pair using maci-cli by running the following commands:

cd packages/cli && \
node build/ts/index.js genMaciKeyPair

Set the configuration file​

Head back to the contracts folder and copy the config example and update the fields as necessary:

cd ../contracts && \
cp deploy-config-example.json deploy-config.json

ConstantInitialVoiceCreditProxy​

Defines how many credits will get each voter.

Gatekeeper​

MACI uses a "gatekeeper" contract to configure and enforce the eligibility criteria of voters who can participate in MACI polls. In other words, it is a way to allowlist signups to the system. Operators of MACI can use the gatekeeper contract to configure signup eligibility and to protect against sybil attacks in their polls. Please refer to the gatekeepers section for more information on the supported Gatekeepers.

MACI​

VkRegistry​

Verifying key registry used for generating proofs.

Poll​

Deploy MACI Contracts​

To deploy the MACI contracts to a specific network you can append :network to the deployment commands, e.g. pnpm deploy:sepolia - please refer to the available networks on the package.json scripts section.

pnpm deploy:NETWORK

There are already some deployed contracts that could be reused, copy the default-deployed-contracts.json file if you need them to avoid deploying redundant contracts and save your gas fee.

cp default-deployed-contracts.json deployed-contracts.json

Delete any contract you want to redeploy and then run the following command to save gas:

pnpm deploy:NETWORK --incremental

Deploy Poll​

To deploy your first Poll you can run the following command:

pnpm deploy-poll:NETWORK

Poll Finalization​

As a coordinator, first you need to merge signups and messages (votes). Messages are stored in a queue so when the poll is over, the coordinator needs to create the tree from the queue (AccQueue). This optimization is needed to reduce gas cost for voters. Then coordinator generates proofs for the message processing, and tally calculations. This allows to publish the poll results on-chain and then everyone can verify the results when the poll is over. You run a merge with:

pnpm merge:[network] --poll [poll-id]

Then you need to generate the proofs for the message processing, and tally calculations, we do it with the following command:

pnpm run prove:[network] --poll [poll-id] \
    --coordinator-private-key [coordinator-maci-private-key] \
    --tally-file ../proofs/tally.json \
    --output-dir ../proofs/proofs/ \
    --start-block [block-number]  \
    --blocks-per-batch [number-of-blocks]

Submit On-chain​

Now it's time to submit the poll results on-chai and then everyone can verify the results:

pnpm submitOnChain:[network] --poll [poll-id] \
    --output-dir proofs/ \
    --tally-file proofs/tally.json

Tally​

After proofs are generated, and results tallied, the results (Tally) is written to a file. This file contains the result of a Poll. Let's take a look at one:

{
  "maci": "0xd54b47F8e6A1b97F3A84f63c867286272b273b7C",
  "pollId": "0",
  "network": "localhost",
  "chainId": "31337",
  "isQuadratic": true,
  "tallyAddress": "0xD4fbAF1dFe100d07f8Ef73d8c92e93d0Bcf7b45D",
  "newTallyCommitment": "0x2f55cc85f7f141098ba791a9f6a646f8773b9bb4f5852ccc33b5a28e7b0756e5",
  "results": {
    "tally": [
      "9",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0"
    ],
    "salt": "0x2e9cd240b86cf456fa4deced8e7420c45e3c16941d2dcec308f8b6d48264dda3",
    "commitment": "0x296eac2a7289974f23497bebd39e86599d0b7032796fb84dcc1f6bbda38262ca"
  },
  "totalSpentVoiceCredits": {
    "spent": "81",
    "salt": "0x24f57b75c227987727c13d1e83409d70478b42bdc12a4a4df8129c72fbaf5aaf",
    "commitment": "0xb4ebe68b0da828c0b978ddee86ba934b8e215499ac766491f236ad85fd606de"
  },
  "perVOSpentVoiceCredits": {
    "tally": [
      "81",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0",
      "0"
    ],
    "salt": "0x2590434ea2d600f7bd2396ba7fa454ad4c975c29424ee481561d9786538a5e48",
    "commitment": "0x54ec996599886da21c4b07c25d1de544292a8b7c38b79726995c869c9e95db"
  }
}

We see that there is an array named results, this contains the aggregated votes for each option, where each option is represented by an index in the array. In this case above, the first option (index 0) received a total of 9 votes, where every other option did not receive any votes.

The totalSpentVoiceCredits object contains the total amount of voice credits spent in the poll. This is the sum of all voice credits spent by all voters, and in quadratic voting, is the sum of the squares of all votes.

The perVOSpentVoiceCredits will contain the amount of voice credits spent per vote option. In this case, the first option received 81 voice credits, and every other option received 0 voice credits. This is because there was only one valid vote casted, with a weight of 9. Given the quadratic voting formula, the total amount of voice credits spent is 81.

That should be all for this tutorial, feel free to join our discord for any questions or recommendations, and feel free to read our documentation for more in depth resources.

MACI Platform - an exciting evolution for MACI​

Hey folks, welcome to another update from the MACI team! Today we are excited to officially announce MACI Platform, a comprehensive platform that enables secure voting for all kinds of use cases and communities.

MACI Platform began as a fork of easy-retro-rpgf with the MACI protocol integrated. We called it “MACI-RPGF”, and it provided a base product that could run retroactive public goods funding with privacy and anti-collusion properties.

Moving forward, the plan is to add even more features over time to fulfill a vision of the ultimate platform for super secure voting and funding that communities can easily deploy.

Overview​

The platform is composed of three components:

• A web interface for both voters and round organizers to interact with the contracts.
• The MACI Platform smart contracts, an extended set of the MACI smart contracts that include registries for projects and fund disbursement features.
• The Coordinator service allows for the complete automation of MACI.

MACI Platform Audience​

MACI Platform is designed for a wide range of use cases: public goods funding, hackathon judging, grant making, community governance, and even state elections, to name a few. At its core, the product consists of three types of users: the Round Operator (the host of a voting round), the Applicant (those wishing to submit an application for inclusion in the round), and a subset of members that are allowed to participate in that voting round, or the Voters.

Having worked with the MACI protocol for years, we understand the ins-and-outs of its implementation and usage, and believe it is a powerful tool for creating a more democratic approach to building consensus within groups of people. However, we also understand that the user experience of MACI in its current implementation is far from accessible to many people. For this reason, MACI Platform is being built to be as easy and intuitive as possible for anyone to use.

The Vision​

The vision for MACI Platform is to provide a clean and simple interface for communities to run different types of secure, anti-collusion voting and funding rounds.

While the current implementation of the platform is only built for the public goods funding use case, there are plans to focus on governance and local elections in the coming year.

From the operator’s perspective, our goal is to allow the creation of a round in less than 10 minutes. This includes setting up MACI contracts and creating a voting or funding round. All the information required to customize the round will be input through the frontend, and by passing it to the backend (the MACI coordinator service), all the necessary contracts will be deployed.

Projects applying to be part of a round can submit the required information via a form, which will be customizable by the round operator to include all required and relevant information for that specific round. Approvals of those projects will be at the discretion of the operators.

Finally, users/voters will be able to access the voting rounds only if they pass the gatekeeping requirements. Currently, it is possible to gate voting rounds using different strategies:

• allowing anyone to participate
• accepting only users with a certain EAS attestation
• accepting only users part of a Semaphore group
• accepting only users with a certain Hat
• accepting only users with a certain Zupass credential

...and many more to come. Please refer to MACI’s gatekeeper page

Roadmap​

What have we built so far? As of now, we have just released a version 1. This release focuses on voter and applicant project experience, enabling them to interact smoothly with the platform by signing up, submitting applications, and voting. Finally, users can also see results once the votes have been tallied by the coordinator.

V2 on the other hand, will focus on the round organizer experience. At a high level, the core devs are focusing on implementing the following features:

• Dashboard for contract deployment and round configuration
• Allowing multiple rounds to live within one MACI Platform instance
• Payout disbursement via the interface by either the voters, applicants, or operators
• Full integration with MACI’s coordinator service to allow finalization of rounds within the interface
• Continued integration with different gatekeepers like Gitcoin Passport

Furthermore, we plan to experiment with AA (account abstraction) to enable smooth experiences for both users and organisers. For users, we have implemented an end-to-end flow using an embedded wallet and paymaster as part of PSE’s internal hackathon, as well as for the Devcon round. For organizers we will be using a smart account and session keys to safely interact with the coordinator service and interact with MACI contracts.

Ecosystem Harmony​

Projects like Gitcoin, Dorahacks, Snapshot, Devfolio, and Jokerace all seem to offer very similar voting, polling, and quadratic funding solutions. So what makes MACI different?

At MACI, our goal isn’t to compete, but to help push the ecosystem toward using safer, more private, and collusion-resistant voting mechanisms. We're actively working with many of the above projects to integrate the MACI protocol, ensuring that the benefits of secure voting can be used where they’re needed most. MACI Platform presents itself as just one more quadratic funding platform for communities to choose from.

It's important to note that while the anti-collusion properties of MACI provide higher security guarantees, they do come with tradeoffs— particularly in terms of user experience (UX), cost, and simplicity. The MACI team is continuously working to address these tradeoffs, but for certain use cases, these tradeoffs may not be worthwhile. For example, the encryption of votes at the end of a round may not actually be desirable or aligned with the spirit or values of any specific community. MACI Platform aims to provide privacy solutions where they’re needed the most, and to augment and support existing voting platforms.

How to get involved​

If you are a community event organizer and want to run a voting or funding round using MACI Platform, please reach out to us using this form. If you are a developer and want to contribute to the code then head over to our GitHub repo and take a look at the “good first issues” tags, or open a new one that you think it’s beneficial and you would like to work on.

Also, stay tuned for recurring voting rounds on demo.maci.vote and our participation in hackathon as sponsors.

References​

• easy-retro-rpgf
• clr.fund
• maci
• maci-platform
• EAS
• Semaphore
• Hats Protocol
• Zupass

Glad to have you here! It's again that time where we have a few MACI roadmap updates to share.

We’re going to take a moment to look at what we accomplished in Q3, but before we start, we would like to express our gratitude to all our collaborators and contributors to the MACI protocol.

MACI Platform ✅​

This quarter, the team continued to focus on building a comprehensive voting platform with MACI. The platform is now turning into an all-in-one solution for voting, quadratic funding, and RPGF rounds. We made the product much more stable by fixing several bugs, and plan on integrating many more features in the future.

In terms of current features, the platform supports these gating mechanisms:

• Semaphore
• Hats Protocol
• Free for all (ie, anyone can join)
• EAS
• Merkle proof
• Zupass

It now also possible to run quadratic and non quadratic voting rounds, as well as running sequential rounds on the same interface. Soon you will also be able to run multiple concurrent rounds.

With the MACI Platform, we were able to support three community rounds, EthMexico, EthTegucigalpa, and Cryptoversidad. All rounds completed successfully with nearly $30,000.00 distributed to several projects and individuals across the three communities. We also received a lot of great feedback that helped improve the platform overall. We couldn’t be happier to work with such wonderful collaborators and help them make a real world impact.

As always, if you're interested in running a round for your community, please get in touch

Coordinator Service ✅​

The Coordinator Service is the ultimate automation of MACI’s main pain-points. It now includes three new features for the frontend interface to provide a very neat experience to MACI operators.

Because we prioritise robust security features whenever possible, the service does not hold any wallet seed phrase to communicate with the various chains. Instead, we implemented a flow that uses ephemeral session keys for short lived approvals, greatly decreasing the impact of a key compromise. This is all possible thanks to account abstraction features such as session keys.

With the flow described above, we implemented a deployer service to easily deploy all needed MACI contracts, as well as an endpoint to merge the MACI state and message trees, an important step required to be able to tally the results.

Account Abstraction Exploration ✅​

Together with a fellow PSE team developer, John, the MACI team is working on a fork of the MACI platform that implements account abstraction features, such as smart wallets and paymasters.

This fork was used in PSE’s first internal hackathon, and allows PSE and EF team members to vote on their favourite hackathon project without spending a single cent from their wallet onchain.

This was a successful experiment that will prove fundamental in our future efforts to improve the MACI platform and make it even more accessible to a general “non crypto native” user base.

Stay tuned for a case study of this experiment!

MACI Protocol Improvements ✅​

The 3327 team successfully completed their Anonymous Poll Joining grant. This work enabled unconditional voter privacy, further strengthening user privacy in the protocol. For more details, please refer to their blog post.

With regard to implementing Vitalik’s latest MACI proposal Mostly Offchain Happy Path, we have not been able to start due to other priorities, however we have defined the tasks required and unblocked the epic by implementing the session keys flow on the coordinator service, so that it can be re-used for a secure relayer service.

In terms of developer experience, we always try to make it easier to onboard new developers to the protocol. As a result, we have been making improvements to the deployment tasks, documentation and smart contracts code. Now developers can more easily override deployment steps to integrate MACI's smart contracts into their own projects; and can extend smart contract functions to support custom logic.

Finally, our internal team has also been brainstorming features and improvements for MACI v3, however no plan is set in stone yet. Stay tuned for more.

We are pleased to announce the release of MACI v2.0.0!

This is our second big release of the year, after the MACI v1.2 release in February of this year. MACI v2.0 brings a more secure and efficient protocol, with improved developer experience, and clearer documentation for users looking to learn about and use MACI.

Background​

MACI - Minimal Anti-Collusion Infrastructure - is an application that provides privacy and collusion resistance for on-chain voting. If you're new to MACI, we first recommend reading our documentation for background information and technical details.

New Features and improvements​

More compact codebase​

We have removed some features that were never used in production, namely Topup and Subsidy. This allowed us to reduce the codebase size, making it cheaper to deploy, as well as reducing the complexity of the zk-SNARK circuits.

We highly thank Chao for his work on these two features over the past years, and look forward to integrating similar features in the future as we come up with new use cases and performance improvements.

On top of that, the merkle tree-like structure holding the signups has been swapped out for a more efficient incremental merkle tree (LazyIMT). This offers some savings for users signing up, as well as simplifies the steps required to finalise a poll, by merging all leaves together and removing the need to compute the subroots and root of the tree.

Improved contract tasks​

It is now possible to deploy contracts and finalise polls using the contracts tasks only. This makes the protocol much easier to use, as there is no need to use the maci-cli anymore, which often came with a large number of flags and options. You will just need to fill a json file with the correct parameters and run few simple commands.

Concurrent Polls​

It is now finally possible to run multiple polls concurrently from a single MACI instance. Users will no longer need to signup again to vote on proposals published by a single organiser. One thing to note is that each poll will have the same amount of voting power, and new users will need to pass the same gating process as existing users.

We believe this feature will work best when used for coordinating several polls for the participants of a single event where signup is gated by the conference ticket and there are multiple voting rounds, like at Devcon or Devconnect.

New Gatekeepers​

Custom Gatekeepers are a great way to guard MACI against Sybil attacks, and with this release we have integrated a number of new protocols, together with the help of our community:

• Hats Protocol
• Gitcoin Passport
• Zupass
• Semaphore

For instance, with Gitcoin Passport as the gatekeeper, the MACI round organiser can set a threshold score and only allow new users with a passport score greater or equal to that threshold. Additionally, with Zupass, we can now gate access to holders of specific event tickets.

We expect to continue to expand our gatekeeper capabilities and welcome the community to come up with new and innovative ways to grant access to MACI's rounds, helping make MACI more customizable and sybil-resilient.

Documentation​

You gave us the feedback that the MACI documentation was way too tough to digest, and we heard you! To make it easier to understand, we have grouped documentation entries under a more logical structure, with different sections for different audiences and objectives.

We continue to use our docs website as the definitive resource for all information related to MACI, including blog releases, documentation updates, and roadmap progress. As always, we welcome suggestions on how to make it better and encourage you to report any inconsistencies you may find.

Security Audit​

As usual before a major release, the protocol has been thoroughly audited by PSE's internal Audit team, and this time no significant issues were found. However, thanks to the auditors' hard work, we have been able to further optimise the protocol and clean up our technical documentation.

For more details on this recent audit, please refer to our audit docs or view the full report.

With more and more eyes on the protocol, we feel more and more confident about MACI's security posture.

Trusted Setup Ceremony​

We are preparing for a new ceremony to cover the changes in our v2.0.0 circuits. To accomplish this, we'll leverage the tooling of p0tion, which helps to streamline and automate Groth16 phase2 ceremonies.

We'll update this page after the ceremony completes to include the production-ready zkey artifacts. In the meantime, the artifacts for v.1.2 can be found on our website, and the artifacts can still be used in production for releases 1.2.0 up to 1.2.5.

Get Involved​

MACI is deeply committed to our community, through our open initiatives like public roadmaps, transparent repository management, and a public Discord channel for interaction with our team.

With every issue, PR, feature and roadmap iteration, we welcome feedback to ensure that the continued development of MACI reflects your and the community's needs. Keep an eye on our documentation, GitHub discussions and our official Twitter/X account for updates.

For those looking to contribute directly, report bugs, or offer feedback, our GitHub repository is open for issues and discussions. We're eager to assist with your projects or contributions.

For practical implementation insights, review our docs as well as the clr.fund, Allo Stack with MACI, and maci-platform repositories as reference implementations. The first two integrations are quadratic funding implementations, a mechanism which otherwise is highly susceptible to collusion and bribery.

For any other questions or feedback, please reach out to us via PSE's Discord, in our #🗳️-maci channel. We're excited to connect and collaborate with you!

References​

• MACI GitHub repository
• MACI documentation
• A technical introduction to MACI 1.0 - Kyle Charbonnet
• Minimal anti-collusion infrastructure - Vitalik
• PSE Discord server
• Allo Stack with MACI
• maci-platform
• clr.fund

Release​

Here's the link to the new release code in GitHub: v2.0.0 Release.

Greetings anon,

We’re excited to share with you what we're building over the next few months. You'll see some of the same themes as our Q2 roadmap as we strive to make MACI and MACI-RPGF more user-friendly and accessible.

If you haven’t read the Q2 in review yet to learn what we’ve been up to the last three months you can check that out here.

MACI Platform​

The team is doubling down efforts to build a comprehensive voting platform with MACI powering it all. Initially called maci-rpgf, the project is soon turning into an all-in-one solution for hosting voting, quadratic funding, and rpgf rounds. We plan to work on improving the product with the following high-level initiatives:

• Complete the integration of the PSE's design team’s new design
• Bootstrap an e2e testing framework to ensure the code is more robust and reliable
• Support quadratic voting
• Support the use of different signup mechanisms
• Move application's data storage from Vercel to IPFS
• Support contributing/voting to multiple rounds on the same deployment

Our efforts will include supporting community organisers who want to fork and operate MACI Platform rounds in production. If you're interested in running a round for your community, please get in touch!

Coordinator Service​

After successfully implementing a proof generation service as part of our effort of reducing the burden on round organisers, we have plans to continue automating all MACI related operations. This includes contract deployment, proof generation and submission, contract details storage, automatic upload of final tally results to IPFS and more.

We see the “Coordinator Service” as the ultimate automation of MACI’s main pain-points, and look forward to building a secure and efficient service that will abstract away all the operational burdens of using MACI. For more information on the full feature list that this service will include, please refer to this GitHub issue.

Explore Account Abstraction​

It is clear that mass adoption of blockchain applications will be difficult if users, especially first time users, must pay to interact with dapps. Furthermore, having a crypto wallet installed and configured to work on a specific chain might also not be straightforward for an average user.

To support this thesis, the MACI team will start a collaboration with other PSE teams involved in researching and implementing account abstraction (AA) solutions. We look forward to bringing some proof of concepts (PoC) for MACI Paymasters and more, which will help remove friction when it comes to web3 UX.

MACI Protocol Improvements​

As always, we plan to improve the MACI protocol both in terms of making it cheaper and easier to use, as well as making it more secure.

As part of this effort, we are currently working with the 3327 team to integrate their Anonymous Poll Joining grant work into a new MACI version. The effort can be tracked in this public GitHub board. This work enables unconditional voter privacy, further strengthening user privacy in the protocol. For more details, please refer to this blog post.

On top of this, the team will begin the ground work to implement Vitalik’s latest MACI proposal Mostly Offchain Happy Path - in a nutshell, the proposal seeks to completely remove transaction costs for users by moving certain operations offchain. For maximum privacy and trustlessness, voters will still be able to go directly on-chain and submit their own signup/vote actions.

How does that sound?​

Questions? Concerns? Ideas? We’d love to hear from you!

If there is a feature you think we should work on, or an initiative you'd like to collaborate with us on, please let us know! We welcome input from anyone in the community. The best ways to get in touch are to hop in our Discord (#🗳️-maci channel), tag us on X, or create an issue on GitHub.

Onward and upward 🚀

Greetings anon,

Glad to have you here! It's that time of the year where we have a few MACI roadmap updates to share. We’re going to take a moment to look at what we accomplished in Q2, as the most active project in the entire PSE GitHub org.

Before we start, we would like to express our gratitude to all our collaborators and contributors to the MACI protocol.

Q2 in review​

In our q2 roadmap, we aimed at a few major Q2 goals that all tied together:

✅ MACI-RPGF​

A lot has happened with MACI-RPGF this last quarter. Much time has been spent improving the product in order to provide a more functional and stable product with a better overall user experience.

PSE's design team came up with a beautiful design that will soon be merged into the stable version of the code. We are looking forward to implementing this major update and are excited for you to try it!

On the outreach and support side, we also engaged with several communities to run a round using MACI-RPGF. There are three rounds ongoing with EthMexico, ETH Tegucigalpa and Cryptoversidad. Our developers have been working closely with their development teams to deploy and run MACI-RPGF. We look forward to supporting them throughout their rounds and helping facilitate the distribution of funds directly into community members building amazing things in the Ethereum ecosystem.

✅ MACI Coordinator Service​

The use of a Coordinator Service would greatly simplify the operation requirements when running MACI. To better support communities running MACI polls, whether as a QF round or a simple voting application, the team has prioritised the development of a Coordinator Service that can be used by any Round Operator.

In the last three months we successfully completed the first iteration of a proof generation service, which can be used to more easily finalise MACI polls. Additionally, work on a frontend dashboard has started. This dashboard can be used to more easily deploy contracts in a customisable way via an intuitive user interface.

✅ MACI Core Protocol Improvements​

To achieve our Q2 goal of “Unconditional Privacy" we worked with the 3327 team (responsible for the ElGamal on MACI implementation) to come up with an effective solution and a better user experience that we could have hoped for. More on this can be found in our blog, but we have now started this grant work and are looking forward to seeing this in action in the coming months.

We have also been busy working on some new features and improvements to the codebase. It is now easier than ever to deploy MACI instances, as well as re-use certain smart contracts that have already been deployed and will not need changing.

Furthermore, we have managed to slightly reduce the costs for users by removing unused features, as well as using different and more optimised data structures. This brought several improvements, such as allowing for concurrent polls to be run from one MACI instance (finally!).

Finally, we worked with the community to integrate a number of different gatekeepers:

• Semaphore
• Gitcoin Passport
• Zupass - thanks gasperpre for the implementation

You can now use these (plus more) to gatekeep signups to MACI and shoot down those sybil attacks!!.

Stay tuned for an upcoming MACI release where all these efforts can be seen in action.

✅ Support Gitcoin Allo protocol integration​

Throughout May and June, Gitcoin and Nick Lionis in particular worked hard to integrate MACI in the Allo Stack. You can find the code on their GitHub. The stack will soon be used in production by Gitcoin to support running grant rounds privately.

We are excited to see rounds being run with this integration, and look forward to continue to collaborate with the Allo team to improve MACI and integrate new versions into their stack.

✅ Support ETHDam hackathon QV round​

In April, we successfully supported the ETHDam team to run a private quadratic voting (QV) round for the ETHDam hackathon, powered by MACI. Conference attendees used clr.fund to vote on their favourite hackathon projects in order to allocate $10,000 to projects building novel privacy and security solutions in the ecosystem.

✅ MACI starter kit​

We've teamed up with Buidl Guild and the Scaffold-ETH team to build a MACI starter kit: a web app that integrates MACI in order to run polls. Thanks to Yash's efforts we now have a ready-to-use MACI starter kit. This has already been used in two hackathons (as an example here's an Eth Berlin project) to quickly prototype projects using MACI. We thank Yash for all his effort with this and are looking forward to see what the community will build with it.

That was a lot, and there’s more to come! Be sure to keep an eye out here for our next post where we look forward to what is coming for MACI in Q3, 2024.

Minimal Anti Collusion Infrastructure (MACI) is a public good that allows one to run secure, private, on-chain voting polls.

Given MACI's open source nature, it's common for our core team to develop new features or to fix issues based on community feedback. However, it's been less common for external contributors to make significant changes to the core protocol.

Well, this soon will be a reality thanks to a MACI improvement proposal sent by the 3327 team. 3327 is collective of 10+ people working on improving blockchain technologies, with a focus on research and engineering. Their engineering team previously worked on implementing the ElGamal flow into MACI (here's a nice presentation on it from Marija Mikić at EthCC [6]). The work described in this post aims to be its direct replacement due to its simplified nature and several additional benefits.

This proposal can be divided into two parts:

1. bring unconditional privacy to MACI's voters
2. optimise inefficient merkle tree structure holding messages, by replacing it with a hash chain

1) Enable unconditional voter privacy​

Currently with MACI, if a voter performs a key change, the voter's new key would not be anonymous to the coordinator. The coordinator could collude with a bad actor to inform the latter of the key change, as the coordinator would have access to all decrypted messages.

The key focus of this improvement is to enable users to be completely anonymous by removing the link between the original signup key and the key used for voting. How would this work? Well, users sign up to vote via the MACI contract, and depending on the gatekeeper in use, they'd have to prove that they've passed the entry condition. Now, given knowledge of this key, they can signup with a new key to polls deployed by this same MACI contract.

Thus, voters can prove anonymously that they know the preimage of a StateLeaf, by passing this information to a zk-SNARK circuit, and validating this proof within the poll contract when joining with the new key. You might be thinking that everyone knows the preimage of a state leaf, as it's public information that can be taken from the contracts' logs. However, the circuit will not accept the public key directly but would instead take the private key and use it to generate the public key. This way, only users with knowledge of a specific private key can generate a valid inclusion proof.

Now after signing up to the Poll with this new key, there will not be any link to the original key, and users will effectively be anonymous. Of course users should ensure that they are using different wallets where possible.

Finally, with the use of a nullifier, it will not be possible for the same original key to be used to signup more than once for each new poll.

Are there any drawbacks? Well, yes. There will be an extra step for users to register to individual Polls. We aim to offset this cost and additional step soon either with gasless transactions or by moving some logic off-chain.

2) Message structure optimisation​

On top of the improvements to anonymity, the 3327 team aims to also replace the Merkle tree used for storing messages with a hash chain. Some of the benefits of this approach are:

• unlimited number of messages
• removal of expensive merge operations from the coordinator
• cheaper to send messages as only one hash is required to update the hash chain
• less constraints on the circuits due to simplified logic

Unlimited messages

Merkle trees are usually bound by a depth property. Together with the number of leaves per node, we can calculate the max capacity of a tree. For instance, for a binary tree with a depth of 10, we can host up to 2^10 (1024) leaves. On the other hand, hash chains do not have a limit, unless if we wanted to set one, so we technically can support an unlimited number of messages.

Cheaper operations

Hashing the previous hash chain with the message is cheaper than inserting into a Merkle tree. Additionally, removing the need for the coordinator to perform merge operations on the accumulator queues that were used on chain will greatly reduce costs and processing time.

Smaller circuits

As cited in their proposal, processing message inclusion proofs for k messages in a tree with height h requires k * h hashing operations within the circuit with 2 * k * h signal values for inclusion proofs. Processing messages with chain hashes removes the unnecessary inclusion proofs and requires only k hashes to be computed for k messages without any extra signals, as the requirement is to prove that the order and inclusion of all messages are correct.

A call for MACI grant proposals​

So what does this mean for you, Anon?

As an open-source project of PSE with support from the Ethereum Foundation, MACI is fortunate to have the resources to invest in the maintenance and improvement of the protocol. This means we're able to fund full-time developers as well as allocate grants for various research and development initiatives.

We encourage all community members to contribute to the improvement and ongoing development of MACI! After all, our goal is to build the most secure e-voting system, and this cannot be accomplished without all of your support.

As a team, we are incredibly excited about this proposal and will continue to work hard to help the 3327 team get this upgrade production-ready over the next 3 months.

To contribute to MACI, submit issues, or learn more about it, you can reach out to us either via Discord or GitHub issues.

If you have an ambitious idea you'd like to work on, reach out to us and we could create a proposal to build together! If you don't yet have a specific idea but are still keen to work on MACI, we have some research ideas which might inspire you and we could collaborate on a grant together. Feel free to explore these ideas below and get in touch:

• MACI coordinator in a TEE
• Group wise matching
• Folding schemes for MACI's circuits

References​

• 3327 team
• 3327 ElGamal flow
• 3327 ElGamal API
• Marija Mikić - Anonymity in MACI - EthCC [6]
• MACI Original idea
• MACI Anonymization

During ETHDam's Quadratic Funding round, run on clr.fund, we discovered a critical bug in MACI. The issue stemmed from the lack of validation on MACI public keys within the Poll contract. A user (spoiler alert, it was a self-inflicted denial of service (DoS)) was able to submit a MACI public key which was not a point of the Baby JubJub elliptic curve, and it broke everything.

So... what happened, really?​

Well, during the ETHDam round, there was an issue with the subgraph that caused the frontend web app to incorrectly display that the voting period had ended, which prevented users from voting.

A quick way for us to identify the issue was to directly call the Poll's smart contract to submit an invalid vote. If the contract accepted votes, that meant that it was not a MACI issue. Given the contract accepted votes, it immediately helped us confirm that the bug was a frontend issue. What we didn't know at the time was that this vote, as well as its associated key, would cause a denial of service.

The message in question can be seen on Gnosis Chain's block explorer. Below is proof that the wallet which submitted the invalid key is from one of our teammates (just in case you thought we'd want to censor it :P).

{
  "address": "0xc59975735ed4774b3Ee8479D0b5A26388B929a34",
  "msg": "This is proof that I control this wallet and dossed MACI by mistake while doing an invalid vote",
  "sig": "0x8962b66462630f12476d7bdb348f08af574ba40dd32c6f149ea26717830f13f50f4e95574e8fc909dd3dd1e20bcd85ae2c3caaf41bed6b123973353635483b7f1b",
  "version": "2"
}

One can verify the message using etherscan, paste the address, message and signature. Don't take our word for it, verify!

The message was sent alongside an invalid MACI public key. As a result, due to how MACI messages are processed, the zk-SNARK circuit failed to generate a proof, which prevented the QF round from finalizing.

A MACI public key is (supposedly, at least) a point on the Baby JubJub elliptic curve. The mistake that MACI's code made was to not validate at the smart contract level that the keys accepted as arguments were actually valid points on the curve. At the time the bug was triggered, the two coordinates of the point (x and y) were only checked to be less or equal to the curve prime order.

The MACI key in question looked like the below object:

{
  "x": 1,
  "y": 1
}

In MACI, messages are (well, should be) encrypted using a shared key generated using a random keypair and the coordinator's public key. This allows for the coordinator to reverse the process - as long as they have the random public key - and decrypt the message using the same shared key. This is achieved using Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH).

Shared key generation from the user's side:

ECDH(randomKeyPair.privateKey, coordinatorPublicKey)

Shared key generation from the coordinator's side:

ECDH(coordinatorPrivateKey, randomKeyPair.publicKey)

The randomKeyPair.publicKey that was sent as {x: 1, y: 1} was eventually passed by the coordinator to a zk-SNARK circuit to try and decrypt the corresponding message and perform further processing.

When passed to the circuit, the code would perform the ECDH operation by performing a scalar multiplication between the public and the coordinator private key. This happens inside the MessageToCommand template, which calls the ECDH template. Here, there is a call to escalarMulAny which in turns calls SegmentMulAny, where we encounter the final call to Edwards2Montgomery where the error pops up.

Looking inside the Edwards2Montgomery template, we can see the operation that is performed on the public key. In short, the point is converted from the Twisted Edwards form to Montgomery form, as it allows for cheaper operations inside the circuit (whereas outside it is represented in its original Twisted Edward form).

The equation to convert between the two forms is presented below:

                1 + y       1 + y
    [u, v] = [ -------  , ---------- ]
                1 - y      (1 - y)x

We can see how passing a y of 1, the equation would result in a division by zero. Below you can see the full stack trace of the error:

Error in template Edwards2Montgomery_349 line: 38
Error in template SegmentMulAny_362 line: 81
Error in template EscalarMulAny_364 line: 163
Error in template Ecdh_365 line: 23

Please note that passing x as 0 would also trigger this error, though within the EscalarMulAny template, this case is handled and the G8 point is passed instead, preventing an error while generating the proof.

Given this issue, we weren't able to complete the proof generation for message processing. It is somewhat good news, as once a message is posted to MACI's smart contracts, it's not possible to censor it even if these messages trigger bugs.

How was the round saved?​

After understanding the bug, the team came up with a solution that would both allow EthDAM to pay out projects with cryptographic guarantee of the results, as well as provide a solution that is fully transparent and verifiable. After all, MACI is all about verifiability.

Given that the clr.fund round was run using a token with no monetary value (EthDAMToken), instead of spinning up a new round and asking users to re-submit their votes, we opted for an automated solution which would scrap all signups and contribution of this token, as well as all messages, and to re-submit them to the new clr.fund round contracts.

This way, voters can validate that all signups and votes were included, and by not submitting this invalid message, being able to generate zk-SNARK proofs and validate publicly the final tally result.

The script in question can be found in a gist. In a nutshell, the script pulled all signups from the original round fundingRound contract, and submitted them on the new contract, after having approved the new contract to spend all EthDAMToken tokens. Then, it pulls the messages, aside from the invalid one, and posts them to the new Poll contract.

After this, the EthDAM team was able to complete the tally alongside ZK proofs to be submitted on chain.

How did we fix MACI?​

To fix the bug, we added code to validate that a given point is on the curve. The Solidity library, found within the original Baby JubJub paper, was originally developed by yondonfu and for sake of simplicity, it was copied over to the MACI's repo. The code needed just a couple of small upgrades to work with more recent Solidity versions (0.8.20).

/**
 * @dev Check if a given point is on the curve
 * (168700x^2 + y^2) - (1 + 168696x^2y^2) == 0
 */
function isOnCurve(uint256 _x, uint256 _y) internal pure returns (bool) {
  uint256 xSq = mulmod(_x, _x, Q);
  uint256 ySq = mulmod(_y, _y, Q);
  uint256 lhs = addmod(mulmod(A, xSq, Q), ySq, Q);
  uint256 rhs = addmod(1, mulmod(mulmod(D, xSq, Q), ySq, Q), Q);
  return submod(lhs, rhs, Q) == 0;
}

As seen in the code above, the function will evaluate the Baby JubJub equation using the input public key x and y values. Any value that is not on the curve, will be rejected, as shown below:

// check if the public key is on the curve
if (!CurveBabyJubJub.isOnCurve(_encPubKey.x, _encPubKey.y)) {
  revert InvalidPubKey();
}

The bug was fixed with this PR. On top of preventing such invalid values from being accepted by the contract, we also added more validation across the TypeScript libraries to make it harder for users to make such mistakes.

Footnote​

The MACI team would like to first of all thank EthDAM's team for their patience while we navigated through this issue, and trusting us with coming up with a transparent solution for the round.

Furthermore, we thank mikerah from HashCloak for helping to review the fix, and their expertise in handling security incidents like this. Together with them, we looked at other repositories using similar code, looking for the same mistake, though we did not find similar protocols where an invalid key would cause a denial of service. If you are a ZK developer reading this, we hope this was a lesson that would help remind us all to always validate user input for future scenarios.

Finally, a big thank you to Raphael for explaining the math behind the issue, and suggesting that full point validation would end up being a much better solution than just not accepting y = 1.

Contract addresses​

Below is a list of the contract addresses for this EthDAM round. All code is verified on Gnosis's block explorer and can be reviewed.

RoundToken

• EthDAMToken

clr.fund Instance

• clr.fund

Original round

• FundingRound
• MACI
• Poll

New Round

• Funding Round
• MACI
• Poll
• Tally
• MessageProcessor

MACI New Version​

We decided to publish a new version of MACI with the fix (and other changes made since the 1.2 release). The new version is 1.2.1.

Please do not use the 1.2 version of the contracts for any new deployments, as it contains the bug described in this post. All other packages are safe, though 1.2.1 is the recommended version to use.

We are pleased to announce the release of MACI v1.2.0!

This is our first release since MACI v1.1.1 just over one year ago. This new release focuses on improved developer experience, security, performance and clearer documentation for users looking to learn and use MACI.

Background​

MACI - Minimal Anti-Collusion Infrastructure - is an Ethereum application that provides privacy and collusion resistance for on-chain voting. If you're new to MACI, we first recommend reading our documentation for background information and technical details.

Refactoring Work​

We prioritized enhancing MACI's developer experience by refactoring its code, fixing bugs, and improving documentation.

Key refactoring activities were:

1. Upgrading libraries to their latest versions and substituting obsolete dependencies with up-to-date and actively maintained alternatives.
2. Making the code standardized, modular, well-documented, and uniformly formatted.
3. Fixing bugs and community-reported issues.

Library Updates​

MACI has relied on custom code and dependencies since its initial implementation, notably from repositories by one of the original MACI developers, Koh Wei Jie. We felt that MACI could benefit from a dependency refresh, so we've shifted towards using actively maintained open-source libraries, such as circomkit and zk-kit.

Circomkit has become our go-to for circuit-related tasks, such as compiling circuits, generating test zkeys, and unit tests.

We've moved reusable circuit logic, like our Poseidon permutation encryption and decryption code, into zk-kit. This not only benefits MACI through more circuit usage and testing but also supports wider community adoption.

These efforts are part of a broader initiative at Privacy and Scaling Explorations (PSE) to foster open-source development and contribute to public goods. By aligning MACI with these values, we aim to enhance its utility and encourage collaborative growth. In the coming months, we're committed to extracting more of our circuit logic for broader use (track progress here) and contributing to projects that align with our mission.

Code Refactor​

We've undergone extensive efforts to clean up MACI's code:

• Removed dead and redundant code.
• Split monolithic files into smaller, logically structured ones.
• Improved documentation with detailed code comments and tools like (TypeDoc and solidity-docgen) for automatic doc generation.
• Enforced strong type safety on the TypeScript components.
• Optimized and modularized the smart contract code.
• Extended the test suites.

These improvements aim to simplify the onboarding process for new developers, ensuring they can easily navigate and effectively utilize MACI.

New Features​

Flexible Voting Strategies​

After years of built-in quadratic voting (QV) in MACI, we now support non-quadratic voting polls. This opens up the door to potential integrations with a wider variety of projects, such as DAO governance applications.

The new version of the Tally circuit (specific for non-QV), has reduced constraints, enabling a quicker proof generation process for vote tallying.

We invite projects interested in leveraging this secure, on-chain voting mechanism to reach out for potential integrations. We hope to continue to expand support for additional voting methodologies, so please let us know your project's needs!

New Gatekeeper​

In our effort to fortify MACI against Sybil attacks, we've integrated an innovative gatekeeper mechanism: EAS - you can view the contract here.

As part of configuring a MACI deployment, the coordinator sets a user signup gatekeeper contract. This contract dictates the criteria a user must pass in order to participate in a poll. For example, user might need to prove ownership of a certain NFT, or prove that they have passed some sort of proof-of-personhood verification.

With the addition of this new gatekeeper, EAS (and soon™ Hats Protocol, MACI instances could be configured to e.g. only allow Ethereum accounts with a trusted EAS attestation or those designated with a specific role by the Hats Protocol. These modules open up new avenues for access control strategies.

We expect to continue to expand our gatekeeper capabilities and welcome the community to come up with new and innovative ways to grant access to MACI's rounds, helping make MACI more customizable and sybil-resilient. The Hats Protocol gatekeeper is currently in progress and will be released soon™ (in v1.2.1).

Documentation Website​

We're excited to announce that all MACI documentation has been unified on our new website, maci.pse.dev!

This platform will serve as the definitive resource for all information related to MACI, including blog releases, documentation updates, and roadmap progress. Please report any inconsistencies you may find. As always, we welcome suggestions on how to make it better.

Security Audit​

Thanks to thorough reviews by PSE's internal Audit team, clr.fund's developer, yuetloo, and our core development team, we've identified and addressed several bugs during our recent refactoring efforts. Most notably, a critical bug in MACI v1.x discovered by Kyle, which could have allowed coordinators to censor votes, has been fixed.

For more details on our recent audit, please refer to our audit docs or view the full report.

After this audit and the resulting fixes, we feel more confident with MACI and its security.

Trusted Setup Ceremony​

Following the successful completion of our MACI trusted setup ceremony for MACI v1.1.1, we are preparing for a new ceremony to cover the security enhancements added in our v1.2.0 circuits.

To accomplish this, we'll leverage the tooling of P0tion, which helps to streamline and automate Groth16 phase2 ceremonies.

We'll update this page after the ceremony completes to include the production-ready zkey artifacts. In the meantime, the artifacts for v.1.1.1 can be found on our website, and the tallyVotes artifacts can still be used in production.

Get Involved​

MACI is deeply committed to our community, through our open initiatives like public roadmaps, transparent repository management, and a public Discord channel for interaction with our team.

With every issue, PR, feature and roadmap iteration, we welcome feedback to ensure that the continued development of MACI reflects your and the community's needs. Keep an eye out on our documentation, GitHub discussions and our official Twitter/X account for updates.

For those looking to contribute directly, report bugs, or offer feedback, our GitHub repository is open for issues and discussions. We're eager to assist with your projects or contributions.

For practical implementation insights, review our docs as well as the clr.fund and QF repositories as reference implementations. Both are quadratic funding implementations, a mechanism which otherwise is highly susceptible to collusion and bribery. Most notably, clr.fund is already working on integrating MACI v1.2.0, after having used v0.x until now. You can follow their development effort under this GitHub branch.

For any other questions or feedback, please reach out to us via PSE's Discord, in our #🗳️-maci channel. We're excited to connect and collaborate with you!

References​

• MACI GitHub repository
• MACI documentation
• A technical introduction to MACI 1.0 - Kyle Charbonnet
• Minimal anti-collusion infrastructure - Vitalik
• PSE Discord server

Release​

Here's the link to the new release code in GitHub: v1.2.0 Release.

We are pleased to announce the release of an updated version of MACI - Minimal Anti-Collusion Infrastructure v1.1.1.

This new release brings a more secure product, new features, and a much needed documentation refresh. Before we dive into the updates, let's refresh your memory on what MACI is and what it was created to achieve.

Background​

MACI is an application that provides collusion resistance for on-chain voting processes. It was originally created after Vitalik's post, and has since been revisited and improved.

MACI revolves around the need for a trusted coordinator. The coordinator is in charge of setting up the system, publishing its public key, and computing the tally of the votes. Below are the main properties of MACI:

Since its inception, MACI has been adopted by different projects, most notably clr.fund and QFI. These projects prove how effective MACI can be, especially when integrated with applications that are otherwise prone to collusion, such as funding Public Goods.

For a more detailed description of MACI, please refer to the v1 technical introduction article.

Security Audit​

MACI was audited by HashCloak in the summer of 2022. The audit team discovered certain high risk vulnerabilities, whose fixes were the focus of the MACI team in the past months.

In more details, the audit revealed two high risk issues within the zk-SNARK circuits:

• Incomplete validation when processing messages
• Integer overflow which could have allowed users to affect a coordinator's effort of calculating the subsidy by either making it incorrect or by intercepting the calculation

Another notable security issue was the lack of initialization of the AccQueue contract. This contract is used to store messages (votes or topups) for the different polls. Without inserting a zero value hash into the merkle tree contract as the first message during initialization, a malicious user could have performed a denial of service attack on a poll. This could have resulted in the poll results taking a very long time before being tallied by the coordinator.

All of these issues have been successfully resolved, on top of fixing minor issues and general code optimizations. The updated product uses a more up to date and secure version of Solidity, and more thorough test cases to verify the correctness of the solution.

New Features​

Top Up Credit​

Rather than requiring a user to sign up multiple times, it is now possible to top up voice credits by sending a top up message on the Poll contract. Withdrawals are not enabled as this would allow a malicious user to bribe others offline to transfer their keys.

Now, the Poll contract will hold all the funds deposited from users for the current poll. At the end of a poll, the coordinator can transfer the funds to a hardcoded address which can be used to fund public goods.

When a user deposits tokens by calling topup, they will also need to specify the stateTree index. The topup function will insert a topup message into the message queue for them. When the voting period ends, any call of topup function will be rejected. Both voting and topup messages have the same ending time, which ensures there is a well-defined ending state for each poll.

Please note that in this approach, the initial credit is still shared across multiple polls, and the actual credit an user can spend in a given poll is the following: totalCredit=initialCredit+topupCredit where the topupCredit is the voice credit amount deposited by the user during the voting period of the given pollID.

For a detailed description, please refer to this document.

Pairwise Subsidy​

Pairwise subsidy is a new way to reduce collusion in quadratic funding applications. If two contributors collude with each other, they can extract most of the public funding pool if they have enough funds.

In this post, Vitalik introduced this kind of collusion and also proposed a protocol to penalize this behavior. As a generalized solution, the more correlation between contributions, the smaller subsidy should be allocated to this project, as this reduces the risk of collusion between contributors. It should be noted that this solution assumes that an identity system is in place to prevent the same entity from registering with two different identities.

Please refer to this post for a more detailed explanation of the implementation.

Finally, please note that currently it is not possible to generate the zkeys for the subsidy circuit with with the vote options parameter larger than $5^2$. This issue is documented here and the team will focus on finding a solution to be able to support larger vote options.

Coordinator Service​

MACI now includes a sample coordinator service.

There are two roles in the coordinator service: admin (i.e. MACI coordinator) and user (i.e. a voter). The admin's responsibility is to ensure that the code remains updated and that the backend services are live. The user can then simply send HTTP requests to the backend server to interact with MACI, for instance, by signing up and publishing a message on chain.

The coordinator service has been wrapped into two docker instances: one for the backend server to accept user requests; one for the Mongodb service to store all necessary information on the current state such as smart contract addresses, zero knowledge proof keys and so on.

For further reading on coordinator services, please refer to this doc.

How to use MACI​

MACI can be used as a standalone application to carry out on-chain polls, or be implemented into new projects that can then benefit from its properties.

For use as a standalone application, a cli package is provided which allows coordinators and voters to use MACI. Please refer to this doc for details on how to use it.

To implement MACI into a project, the documentation can be used a reference, as well as reviewing how clr.fund and qf use MACI in their code.

MACI 0.x​

MACI version 0.x will be discontinued. MACI 1.x has feature parity, more robust code and newest features. Users are encouraged to use the latest version. Starting February 7, 2023, the team will focus solely on resolving issues for MACI 1.x, and will cease to provide support for version 0.x.

How to get involved​

Should you wish to get involved with MACI or simply report a bug, feel free to visit the repository and open an issue, or comment under an open issue to notify the team of your intention to work on it.

For any other enquiry, please reach out to us via the Privacy and Scaling Explorations (PSE) Discord.

References​

• MACI GitHub repository
• A technical introduction to MACI 1.0 - Kyle Charbonnet
• Minimal anti-collusion infrastructure - Vitalik
• Pairwise Subsidy
• Security Audit

Release​

Here is a link to the new release code in GitHub - v1.1.1 Release.